PART 1: Introduction to Linux

LINUX Architecture

Important Directories

Directory	Contains
/bin	Sytem libraries
/sbin	Binaries that require root privileges
/usr	User programs and data
/home	Home directory
/media	Removable media device directories

Creating and Editing Files

1. We do this with the help of a variety of command-line or GUI-based text editors.
2. gedit is a GUI-based editor that provides many features to simplify your work
3. GNU nano is a command line editor that provides similar functionality in a command line format

GNU nano Commands

• sudo nano <filename>

Example

• Working in the folder: cd /home/project
• create a file: nano myprogram.py
• type the following in the file: print("Learning linux is fun!")
• Press Ctrl+X to exit
• Press y to save and then press Enter
• You should now be back at the terminal command prompt
• Run the python file: python3 myprogram.py

VIM Commands

• sudo vim <filename>
• To insert text press i
• Press ESC key and type :wq to save a file and exit
• Press ESC key and type :w to save without exiting
• If you have made some changes which you need to discard :q!

Installing Software and Updates

Deb and RPM packages

• deb and RPM formats are equivalent. so the contents of the file can be used on other types of Linux OSs.
• If a package is only available in one format you can use alien to convert it:
  • RPM to deb: alien <package-name>.rpm
  • deb to RPM: alien -r <package-name>.deb

Updating deb-based Linux

• Command line: apt
  • sudo apt update: to find available packages for your distro
  • sudo apt upgrade: to install packages
  • sudo apt upgrade <package-name>: for installing specific package

Updating RPM-based Linux

• GUI tool: PackageKit
  • notifies you when updates are available
  • lists available software updates
• Command Line tool: yum
  • yum: yellow-dog updater modified
  • sudo yum update
    • gives a summary of all the available packages
    • asks to confirm the download

Installing new software

• Installing a deb package with apt:
  • sudo apt install <package-name>
• Installing an RPM package with yum:
  • sudo yum install <package-name>

Summary 📝

1. .deb and .rpm are distinct file types used by package managers in Linux operating systems
2. deb and RPM formats can be converted from one to the other
3. Update Manager and PackageKit are popular GUI-based package managers used in deb- and RPM-based distros, respectively
4. And apt and yum are popular command line package managers used in deb- and RPM-based distros, respectively.

Quick Recap

• Linux originated in the 1990s when “Linus Torvalds” developed a free, open source version of Unix Kernel
• Linux distros differ by their UIs, shell, applications, and how the OS is supported and built.
• Popular linux distros
  • RHEL: Red Hat Enterprise Linux
  • Debian
  • Ubuntu
  • Suse(SLES, SLED, OpenSuse)
  • Fedora
  • Mint
  • Arch
• You can use a variety of command-line or GUI-based text editors such as GNU nano, vim, vi, and gedit.
• Deb and RPM packages contain software updates and installation files.
• You can use GUI-based and command-line package managers to update and install software on Linux systems.

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Have Fun …